Six floral kingdoms

I wanted to know about the general classification of plants and here is what I found out: In the field of geography the areas of the world are classified in different ways. One of these ways is to look at the distinctive flora of the different areas of the world, the word flora defining the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or native plant life. Botanist Ronald D'Oyley Good (1896-1992), a professor of botany at the Hull University, Yorkshire, England, identified 6 floral kingdoms. Building on the work of Prof. Good, Soviet-Armenian botanist Armen Takhtajan (1910-2009), an important figure in 20th century plant evolution, systematics and biogeography, created a system of classification of the following six floral kingdoms:
• Holarctic Kingdom
• Paleotropical Kingdom
• Neotropical Kingdom
• South African Kingdom
• Australian Kingdom
• Antarctic Kingdom
The six floral kingdoms contain a total of 35 regions, with each kingdom having at least one region, and all regions having at least one province, for a total of 152 provinces.

Antarctica

The continent of Antarctica has been too cold and dry to support virtually any vascular plants for millions of years. The cold, lack of sunlight, little rainfall, inferior soil quality and lack of moisture account for scanty vegetation. Plants are not able to absorb water available in the form of ice. Presently the flora of Antarctica consists of some lichens, mosses, liverworts, and numerous terrestrial and aquatic algal species.

“Only two species of flowering plants, Antarctic hair grass (Deschampsia antarctica) and Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis) are found, occurring on the South Orkney Islands, the South Shetland Islands and along the Western Antarctic Peninsula.” (http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/wildlife/plants/)

Lichens

Lichens have proliferated in Antarctica because they have a high tolerance of draught and cold. A lichen is a composite organism consisting of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, growing together in a symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic partner converting light energy (from the sun) into chemical energy which is later used to fuel the organism’s activities.

I do not think the lichens that live in Antarctica are to be found near any place I live or travel. The lichen the lay person is most familiar with must be the common orange lichen which has wide distribution. It is found in Australia, Africa, Asia, North America and throughout much of Europe. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, as Lichen parietinus. Now labelled Xanthoria parietina, it is a lichen species in the family Telochistaceae. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls, and also on inland rocks, walls, or tree bark. (the epithet parietina means "on walls").

                           

The upper surface is some shade of yellow, orange, or greenish yellow, while the lower surface is white.

X. parietina is a very pollution-tolerant species. It is also tolerant of heavy metal contamination.

                                          

It was chosen as a model organism for genomic sequencing (planned in 2006) by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthoria_parietina)

My photographs do not do justice to this versatile plant which is hidden from sight most of the time for the lay person. Also, I realize that I would need botanical and chemical expertise to begin to describe the complex structure of lichens in any adequate manner.

                                                 

Euphorbia helioscopia

I saw this familiar plant in October in the garden of my mother’s apartment complex in Istanbul. The gardener had allowed the weeds to take over the flower beds at a time when winter was around the corner. With delight I photographed it and discovered some lovely details about it. I had no hope of finding out its name any time soon which meant that I would not be able to write about it.

Back in Montreal in April (2014), getting ready to fly back to Istanbul once again, I received the promotional spring copy of the Plaisir de Vivre magazine in the mail. There was an article titled Le Vert Galant/Seed Savior about the Quebec artist Patrice Fortier who grows vegetables in his garden in Kamouraska by the St. Laurent River. Fortier had taken the picture of the top of a sun spurge protruding through the leaves of another plant in his garden.

A plant native to Europe, northern Africa and most of Asia was found in Quebec. The binomial name for it is Euphorbia helioscopia. To unfamiliar eyes it may seem like a very nondescript weed. When you look closely, like all plants, it is a marvel of nature. E. helioscopia belongs to the genus Euphorbia of the family Euphorbiaceae, and characteristically has milky juice and small flowers with no petals or sepals. The three compartment seed pods protrude from the side of the flowers and they out grow them in size.



E. helioscopia is an annual plant that grows in arable or disturbed land. It grows to 10–50 cm tall, with a single, erect, hairless stem, branching toward the top. The leaves are oval, broadest near the tip, 1.5–3 cm long. The flowers are small, yellow-green and flowering lasts from mid spring to early fall.

The botanical name Euphorbia derives from Euphorbus, the Greek physician of King Juba II of Numidia, a Berber-Libyan kingdom in North Africa. He wrote that one of the cactus-like Euphorbias was a powerful laxative. In 12 B.C. Juba named this plant after his physician Euphorbus. Botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus assigned the name Euphorbia to the entire genus in the physician's honor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia).

The name helioscopia comes from the Ancient Greek helios, ’sun’ and skopein, ’to watch’: sunwatcher. When the plant is observed, it can be seen that it turns its stems towards the sun.

The members of the family and genus are commonly referred to as spurges. The word derives from the Middle English/Old French espurge, ‘to purge’, based on the use of the plant's sap as a purgative.

                                                               Sun spurge in April 2014

The milky sap of spurges called ‘latex’ evolved as a deterrent to herbivores. In contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, the latex can produce a painful inflammation.

I found out recently that Mexican jumping beans are the seed pods of the shrub Sebastiania pavoniana. The 'beans' are inhabited by the larva of a small moth, Cydia deshaisiana. The ‘bean’, usually tan to brown in color, ‘jumps’ when heated, because the larva spasms in an attempt to roll the seed to a cooler environment to avoid dehydration and consequent death. However, they are not related to actual beans, but rather to spurges (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_jumping_bean).

On a road trip through New Mexico and Arizona in the summer of 1997 I had a jumping bean. I inadvertently left my jumping bean in the sun and it stopped jumping.

Reed

When my memories take me back to the times spent on the sunny, sandy Kuşadası beaches of my childhood in the 1950s, I also remember reeds. I played with reed stems. Reeds were used for making changing cabins, restaurant awnings or platforms to sit on.

When I remember reeds I think of languorous summer afternoons, tiny waves lapping the shore, hot sand scorching our feet, cloth covered cork life vests ……



Arundo donax in April

I’m working on identifying reeds correctly. Economically reeds are grouped with leaf and stem crops in the grass family. 12 subfamilies are recognized in the grass family Poaceae. The subfamily Arundinoideae of the family Poaceae includes the giant reed and the common reed. The giant reed, Arundo donax, is taller with longer leaves and with a longer, more compact inflorescence than the common reed. The common reed, Phragmites australis subsp. australis (the European common reed variety), is a little shorter, with shorter and more narrow leaves, and a shorter inflorescence that looks more open and often leans to one side.

Reed is abundant in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey, planted as field hedges and found in wetlands. It is used in basket and mat weaving. The reeds (Arundo donax with specific properties) that grow at Samandağ in the Hatay Province of Turkey (Southeastern Turkey) are the best reeds in the world for making reedpipe (kaval) and ney, a flute like instrument the name of which comes from the Persian word ‘nay’ for reed. The Turkish ney (reed flute), together with insturments such as tanbur (long necked lute), rebab (type of fiddle), kudüm (small drums) and others, is an important component of classical Turkish music.

Photograph: Rifat Varol, Feb. 20, 2012 The names of the above ney in Turkish are ‘boynuz başpareli kız ney’ and ‘yıldız ney’. (http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ney)

A.donax is also the principal source material for reeds of woodwind instruments such as clarinets, saxophones oboes, etc. Sound is produced by blowing air into the mouthpiece of the instrument which then causes a thin strip of reed to vibrate.

                                                      The common reed where the Göksu River meets the Black Sea (Ağva, Turkey)

Reeds have been of use to us in many ways over thousands of years.

                                                                        The common reed in Malta in April, 2014

                                             Life vest similar to the one my parents tied around my waist to go swimming

The trumpet vine

I came across the trumpet vine in the 1960s at the famed Termal Otel (Thermal Hotel) in Yalova, Turkey.

                                                   http://www.sehirler.net/resim-yalova-resimleri-76-yalova-kaplica-5306.htm

The hotel’s restaurant had trellises on the wall that opened out to the lovely gardens. Perhaps there was a pergola that the vine climbed. The trumpet vine or Campsis radicans is a species of flowering plant of the family Bignoniaceae native to the southeastern United States. This deciduous woody vine has clusters of trumpet-shaped orange flowers with yellowish bases. I learn that the clusters called cymes have 4–12 flowers which appear after several months of warm weather and last throughout the summer.

The vine was introduced to England in the 17th century. The Latinized genus name campsis is from Greek kampsis-‘bending’ for its curved stamens and it is akin to Greek kampē-‘bend’ or ‘turn’. The Latin radicans means ‘with stems that take root’. C. radicans climbs by clinging to surfaces with aerial roots.

The leaves are pinnate and 3-10 cm long. They are emerald green when new and later become dark green. The flowers are followed by large, almost 15 cm seed pods. As these mature, they dry and split. Thin, brown, paper-like seeds are released. C. radicans vines can climb trees and with support they can reach up to 10-12 meters.

One gardener mentions that the term ‘invasive’ often used to describe the trumpet vine is not fair, for the plant does not escape cultivation, it does not invade natural areas and it does not pose an ecological threat. However, if you have a vine in your garden it can sprout countless shoots from a very wide spreading root system which can be very hard to remove completely.

The ‘60s were still the ‘white years’ with white towels, white bed linen and white table cloths being the norm. I remember an elegant restaurant with perhaps soft music playing in the background. Actually, those were the years before any renovations must have taken place at the hotel after a long stretch of use, and yet the unrushed formal dining rituals of the times, executed with flare stayed with me. The grounds of the hotel were like a botanical garden interspersed with pavilions in the shades of tall trees. There was an old cinema which still stands. I remember being impressed with the painters that I came across on the grounds of the hotel, working in tranquility on a canvas propped on their easels.

Every now and then my dad took respite from his aches and pains at Termal Hotel with wonderful thermal baths. Bursa and Yalova region is bestowed with hot springs. There are baths built by Byzantium emperors and Turkish Sultans that go back thousands of years. Yalova thermal waters contain a mix of calcium, sulfate and fluoride which makes them very therapeutic. Drinking these waters or bathing in them provides remedy for a number of ailments.

                                                   February 1977, my parents Baha and Gülten Örstan on the grounds of the hotel

My mother’s ecosystem

About six square meters big and containing nine plants and eighteen pots my mother’s ecosystem has been running strong since the late 1980s.





During the three summer months my mother is away, the plants are watered once a month by the neighbor. Within the glass enclosure the balcony works like a hot house and the plants thrive. Several of them extend shoots that take root in the adjacent pots. Some reseed themselves in further away pots. It is very interesting to observe that they all do well with limited amount of soil.

The cacti bloom from May to July. They produce big white flowers about 13-15 cm in length that last only a day or two. After the flowers fall off, brown fuzzy tufts remain in their place. I was able to take hasty photographs of the enchanting blooms in May.

The winter months provide more humidity and my mother might add a little vitamin into their soil. I can name only two of the plants on her balcony by their common names; the spider plant and the geranium.


               Chlorophytum comosum                                                    Pelargonium hortorum

Spider plant

The spider plant or Chlorophytum comosum is of the Asparagaceae family.  It is a flowering plant native to tropical and southern Africa and it has been naturalized in other parts of the world. Variegated forms are popular houseplants, variegated meaning the foliage having two colors.

Individual flowers are greenish-white and the inflorescences carry plantlets at the tips of their long branches, which eventually droop and touch the soil, developing adventitious roots. These are roots that originate from the stem, the branches or leaves of a plant.

The plant also has stems called stolons that do not bear flowers and have roots at the nodes.

Geranium 
It turns out that geranium is just the common name for the members of the genus Pelargonium which are also in the Geraniaceae family as true geraniums.

“Linnaeus originally included all the species in one genus, Geranium, but they were later separated into two genera by Charles L’Héritier in 1789”. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium)

Pelargonium is native to southern Africa and Australia, and the north of New Zealand. There are species native to other countries also, two of them being native to Turkey: P. endlichherianum and P. quercetorum. Naturalized P. horhotum is still the most favored geranium. It is an evergreen perennial that can flower throughout the winter months if it is given a warm, sunny and sheltered location.

                                        My brother Aydın and Gülten Örstan on her balcony in 2013

Our beloved mother passed away recently.  I did not wish to make changes to the previous outline I had planned for this post.  It was enough heart brake that I had to distribute her plants to fellow plant lovers and gardeners.